Policy Paper Concerns

My concerns about my paper are that it is not long enough and that my solution may be too simple. I am unsure if my justification is strong enough or if I should continue saying why other solutions would not work. There are many problems surrounding Japan's whaling policy and I tried to narrow it down to their unnecessary scientific research, bribing developing countries, and the possibility of the moratorium being lifted. I just want to make sure the complex problem is clear enough in my paper.

Planning Essay 4

The problem is that Japan's whaling policy does not fit within the IWC's regulations.


-The Japanese Government does not want to change its policy because they feel it fits within the country's traditional, cultural and scientific values as well as benefits the country's national interest.

-The Scientists from the Scientific Committee in the IWC feel that from a scientific standpoint Japan's policy does not have any scientific value. They feel that Japan's scientific research is wasteful and unnecessary.

- The Japanese public is shifting slowly away from a pro-whaling position. This is due to their lack of interest in whale meat and their knowledge of the recent embezzlement scandal.

-Anti-whaling organizations oppose whaling because it is cruel to the whales. They believe the whales die a slow and painful death that is absolutely inhumane.

I am leaning more towards a proposal paper because I want to give a specific solution. I agree with anti-whaling perspectives that Japan's whaling policy should be changed and that whaling should be stopped. I have some sources already that give ideas on how to solve this problem but once I pick one solution I will need to research that solution more in-depth.

Revisions

I received my peer review late last night so I did not use it to change anything in my paper. I read over my paper several times though and I am fine with the first draft I submitted. After reading over my peer's comments this morning, I see that I may need to reorganize the layout of my paper. I agree with her suggestions and I am going to leave the content but play around with paragraph organization. The strongest element of my paper I think is my perspective from the Japanese Government and my perspective from the Scientists. I was able to find the most information on both of those perspectives therefore I think their opinions come across very clear. I am concerned about letting my bias on whaling show through my writing, but my peer gave me a helpful suggestion to fix that. By mixing up my anti-whaling and pro-whaling paragraphs it will make my paper seem more balanced rather than biased.

Chicken in the Henhouse

• Sedaris argues that the American public stereotypes homosexuals as immoral and even as pedophiles. Those who make these accusations are ignorant and should not be seen as credible. Sedaris uses himself as evidence by showing that he feels like he is being constantly judged, regardless of if people know his sexual orientation or not. This essay gives his personal experience of one day at a hotel that shows how he feels on a daily basis. The end of the essay is a surprise to him, as well as the reader, when Sedaris is complimented on his behavior rather than criticized and judged. It shows how it is ridiculous that homosexuals like him have to be constantly worried about their actions when they are not doing anything wrong and have good intentions. Sedaris uses humor to convey his feelings about Audrey because it is a much more subtle technique to show disapproval than anger or indignation. Humor is harder to argue with or oppose than outright anger. Sedaris uses humor as a way to show how ignorant Audrey’s comments on homosexuals were. Audrey was so naive that Sedaris did not even feel the need to prove what she was saying wrong. He made a joke out of her comments because they should never be taken seriously. His title of this essay exemplifies her ignorance as well. Audrey could not even correctly say the old saying "fox in the henhouse" so the rest of her comments should not be seen as credible either.

Annotated Bibliography

Ackerman, Reuben B. "Japanese Whaling in the Pacific Ocean: Defiance of International Whaling Norms in the Name of Scientific Research, Culture, and Tradition."HeinOnline.org. Web. 31 Oct. 2011. <http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/bcic25>.

The author of this article takes the position against Japan’s whaling policy based on the policy’s violation of international and environmental laws and regulations. It also defines the United States’ position and how the country is pushing for reform of Japan’s policy. Not only does the author point out all of the violations in Japan’s policy, but it provides possible solutions for reforming it as well. The author believes that the International Whaling Committee has failed in its efforts to enforce any punishment for Japan’s violations and urges the United States to impose trade sanctions until Japan changes its practices. I will use this article to show how Japan has violated whaling regulations as well a resource to base my possible solutions off of. This article further explains the whaling controversy but from the side of anti-whalers. It can also be used to help definite the United States’ involvement in the controversy.

CATALINAC, AMY; CHAN, GERALD. "Ingentaconnect Japan, the West, and the Whaling Issue: Understanding the Japanes..." Ingentaconnect Home. Web. 31 Oct. 2011. <http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/rjfo/2005/00000017/00000001/art00007>.

This article outlines the whaling issue by specifically focusing on the Japanese perspective. The author explains how Japan’s whaling policy was formed based around both the country’s need for whales as a resource and their need to remain a responsible member of the international community. The author writes to an audience that is against Japan’s whaling policy in an attempt to prove that Japan is not purely motivated to whale hunt based on its commercial value. The article begins by outlining the history of whaling in general and then narrows it down to show how Japan’s policy has changed over time. It explains Japan’s use of whales as an irreplaceable resource and how anti-whalers misinform and manipulate the public. The article also explains how international pressures, especially from the United States, have affected Japan’s policy as well and why those pressures are the reason that Japan’s policy is likely to change again. This article is useful to me because it outlines the Japanese perspective from all angles and shows how those who support whaling view anti-whaling groups. Although ultimately I support the anti-whaling groups, this article is a very good outline of the opposing side.

Hamazaki, Toshihide, and Dai Tanno. "Approval Of Whaling And Whaling-Related Beliefs: Public Opinion In Whaling And Nonwhaling Countries." Human Dimensions Of Wildlife 6.2 (2001): 131-144. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Nov. 2011.

The first author is a fish and wildlife researcher from New Mexico and the second author is in the department of economics and is from Japan. These authors together provide a look at whaling from a scientific and economic standpoint as well as provide views from different regions of the world. The research they performed was on the public opinion of whaling in both whaling and non-whaling countries. What they found was that approval of whaling was positively correlated with approval of consumption of whale meat. This means that countries that approve of whaling also approve of the consumption of whale meat. What is most interesting, however, is that they found in both whaling and non-whaling countries approval of whaling was not correlated with knowledge about population of whales. This shows that the public from both whaling and non-whaling countries are unaware of the danger of the extinction of whales. This information is useful to me because it shows that the citizens of Japan and Norway who support whaling are supporting something they know very little about. There may be a chance that if the public is informed about the dangers of whaling that they would no longer support it.

"Japan Urged to Abandon Outdated Whaling Policy | IFAW Web Site." Animal Rescue - Animal Welfare, Save The Whales, Save Animals - IFAW.org | IFAW Web Site. IFAW, 30 Sept. 2011. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. <http://www.ifaw.org/ifaw_international/media_center/press_releases/9_30_2011_72079.php>.

The organization IFAW stands for The International Fund for Animal Welfare, and is biased based on its concern for the protection of animals in crisis. Because of this bias, this organization is strongly anti-whaling. The article focuses on Japan’s return to Antarctica to kill more whales, and urges all governments to take strong action to end Japan’s whaling. It also gives disturbing facts about the cruelty of the process of killing a whale. This article presents an interesting point of view that states that Japan’s whaling business is dying. It is no longer a source of significant profit and the article ironically describes whale watching as a more popular business. This article is useful to me because it presents the view of whaling from an extremely anti-whaling organization. It presents a view more from the public than scientists or researchers. The organization’s opinion that whaling is an unnecessary, unsuccessful business is also an interesting point.

Kagawa-Fox, Midori. "Japan's Whaling Triangle - The Power Behind The Whaling Policy." Japanese Studies 29.3 (2009): 401-414. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Nov. 2011.

This author is from the University Of Australia and is writing on the debate surrounding Japan’s Whaling actions. Australia is primarily an anti-whaling country and so it is likely that this author has some bias. The whaling triangle that the author writes about refers to a close relationship between Japan’s government bureaucrats, politicians, and big businesses based around common interests. The text describes how each of these components of the triangle relates to whaling and how they are influential in gaining support from other pro-whaling countries. In order to write an exploratory paper on the issue I need to first understand how the issue became what it is today. The author goes into a lot of detail about the history of Japan in relation to whaling and that is very useful to me.

Miller, Andrew R., and Nives Dolšak. "Issue Linkages In International Environmental Policy: The International Whaling Commission And Japanese Development Aid." Global Environmental Politics 7.1 (2007): 69-96. Academic Search Premier. Web. 7 Nov. 2011.

This article examines the relationship between Japan’s foreign aid to developing countries support for its whaling policy in the IWC. It states that whaling has no economic importance for Japan yet Japanese politicians are still willing to hurt the country’s reputation by bribing developing countries to favor their policy in the IWC. There is a positive association between Japanese foreign aid to developing countries and votes cast by these countries in the IWC. I would not use this article for its analysis of how countries are motivated by more than economic factors. Instead, I would use this article to show that Japan is a corrupt country that obtains support for its whaling policy through bribery.

Robert L. Brownell Jr., et al. "Whaling As Science." Bioscience 53.3 (2003): 210. Academic Search Premier. Web. 7 Nov. 2011.

This article is a criticism of Japan’s scientific whaling program from the viewpoint of authors that are a part of the International Whaling Committee. They see the scientific whaling provision as being outdated. It was created when there were few alternatives to lethal sampling of whales, but now there are plenty. This outdated whaling provision has no limit for catches or and no method for calculating whale sample sizes. Japan is allowed by this provision to kill an unnecessary amount of whales without any justification. There is no evidence to show that Japan’s whaling research is successful and the authors of this article consider that a large problem. This article provides specific views of the IWC on Japan’s use of whaling as “science” and directly points out the current whaling provision’s flaws.

Simmonds, Mark, and Sue Fisher. "Save The Whales, Not The Whalers." New Scientist 205.2755 (2010): 22-23. Academic Search Premier. Web. 7 Nov. 2011.

These authors both work for anti-whaling organizations and are therefore biased in their opinions to end whaling. This article does, however, have important facts and explains why the current solution that the IWC is proposing is not an effective one and explains why it could even be detrimental. This article states that the three whaling nations of Japan, Iceland, and Norway kill about 1600 whales a year. These authors believe that if the IWC suspends the moratorium it will embolden countries like South Korea that have the desire to resume whaling. They believe this proposal is a huge step backwards that basically legitimizes commercial whaling. The article says that Australia should take Japan to the International Court of Justice over Japan’s whaling in Australia’s whale sanctuary. These authors believe that there is hope of ending whaling in the current moratorium because public opinion on whaling is changing and the demand for whale meat is in decline. I will use both the facts and opinions given by these authors to base my policy paper off of.

Whaling Annotations

Kagawa-Fox, Midori. "Japan's Whaling Triangle - The Power Behind The Whaling Policy." Japanese Studies 29.3 (2009): 401-414. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Nov. 2011.

This author is from the University Of Australia and is writing on the debate surrounding Japan’s Whaling actions. Australia is primarily an anti-whaling country and so it is likely that this author has some bias. The whaling triangle that the author writes about refers to a close relationship between Japan’s government bureaucrats, politicians, and big businesses based around common interests. The text describes how each of these components of the triangle relates to whaling and how they are influential in gaining support from other pro-whaling countries. In order to write an exploratory paper on the issue I need to first understand how the issue became what it is today. The author goes into a lot of detail about the history of Japan in relation to whaling and that is very useful to me.

Hamazaki, Toshihide, and Dai Tanno. "Approval Of Whaling And Whaling-Related Beliefs: Public Opinion In Whaling And Nonwhaling Countries." Human Dimensions Of Wildlife 6.2 (2001): 131-144. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Nov. 2011.

The first author is a fish and wildlife researcher from New Mexico and the second author is in the department of economics and is from Japan. These authors together provide a look at whaling from a scientific and economic standpoint as well as provide views from different regions of the world. The research they performed was on the public opinion of whaling in both whaling and non-whaling countries. What they found was that approval of whaling was positively correlated with approval of consumption of whale meat. This means that countries that approve of whaling also approve of the consumption of whale meat. What is most interesting, however, is that they found in both whaling and non-whaling countries approval of whaling was not correlated with knowledge about population of whales. This shows that the public from both whaling and non-whaling countries are unaware of the danger of the extinction of whales. This information is useful to me because it shows that the citizens of Japan and Norway who support whaling are supporting something they know very little about. There may be a chance that if the public is informed about the dangers of whaling that they would no longer support it.

Topic Proposal Exploratory Essay

The issue I am going to be exploring is Japan’s whaling policy and its violations of the international whaling committee’s regulations. Japan uses whales as a source of tradition, food, research and money. The international community, however, feels that Japan’s killing of whales has become excessive and violates international and environmental regulations. Japan has been urged to comply and change its policy but no real punishments have been placed on the country. Countries such as Australia and the United States are in strong opposition to Japan’s policy as well as countless environmental groups. Norway is a pro-whaling country and therefore supports Japan’s policy. Japan has changed its policy numerous times to appear a responsible member of the international community but still continues to violate regulations. They are currently using most of the whales for “scientific research”.

 Scientists and environmental groups consider Japan’s use of whales for research unnecessary and consider it a disguise to hide the country’s economic motivations. Rebuen Ackerman, the Senior Executive Editor of the Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, believes that the United States has the ability to make Japan change its unjust whaling policy. He believes that if the U.S. imposes trade sanctions on Japan it may force the country to change. Japan defends its policy by insisting that whaling is necessary for scientific studies and management of whale stocks. The country also argues that anti-whaling countries misunderstand their motivations based on cultural differences. Amy L. Catalinac from Harvard University and Gerald Chan from Victoria University of Wellington wrote that Japan’s policy was not formed solely by the country’s personal desires or the desires of the IWC, but a mixture of both. They give evidence of the policy’s changes over time and how the need to remain a respected member of the world has greatly affected it. They give evidence for this by showing that Japan has moved more towards rule compliance than any other pro-whaling country.

My personal interest in the issue stems from my experience watching the Oscar-winning documentary “The Cove”. I was horrified by Japan’s excessive killing of dolphins and the lengths they went to in order to cover it up. Most of the citizens of Japan were completely unaware that this practice was taking place. I was introduced to the IWC (International Whaling Committee) at the end of the documentary and I was particularly confused about how they could stand in such strong opposition to Japan’s policy without enforcing any punishments. I strongly favor the need for a change in Japan’s whaling policy and I find it ridiculous that the international community has not done more to make this change happen. Japan’s policy is full of violations and I do believe that the country uses whaling primarily for its commercial value. 

Japan's Whaling Policy

The problem is that Japan's whaling policy does not comply with international and environmental whaling regulations. This issue is important because whales are being killed in Japan in excessive amounts and Japan is not being legally punished for its violations. The people affected are the International Whaling Committee, anti-whaling countries (primarily the United States), and pro-whaling countries (primarily Japan and Norway). People might disagree that Japan's whaling policy is unacceptable because they believe Japan uses whaling as a resource for food and for traditional value other than purely commercial value.

SWA 21

1.) I believe what the author is trying to argue is that society has come to expect a shortcut for everything, especially learning information. We have moved away from long text like books and journals and now learn from images, websites, and summaries. The average person is likely to ignore a long block of writing if they cannot skim it and understand almost immediately. The author is arguing that society has become lazy and would rather remain ignorant rather than read in-depth for understanding.

2.) The author uses hyperbole by exaggerating the reaction of average people to a long block of text. The article describes a long block of text as a crisis that people do not know how to handle. Using hyperbole enhances the argument by showing how pathetic it is that society can no longer focus on long pieces of text without looking for a shortcut. Reading a long block of text is a simple task and the author uses hyperbole to show how a simple task has become impossible for the average reader.

Annotated Bib 2 sources

CATALINAC, AMY; CHAN, GERALD. "Ingentaconnect Japan, the West, and the Whaling Issue: Understanding the Japanes..." Ingentaconnect Home. Web. 31 Oct. 2011. <http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/rjfo/2005/00000017/00000001/art00007>.

This article outlines the whaling issue by specifically focusing on the Japanese perspective. The author explains how Japan’s whaling policy was formed based around both the country’s need for whales as a resource and their need to remain a responsible member of the international community. The author writes to an audience that is against Japan’s whaling policy in an attempt to prove that Japan is not purely motivated to whale hunt based on its commercial value. The article begins by outlining the history of whaling in general and then narrows it down to show how Japan’s policy has changed over time. It explains Japan’s use of whales as an irreplaceable resource and how anti-whalers misinform and manipulate the public. The article also explains how international pressures, especially from the United States, have affected Japan’s policy as well and why those pressures are the reason that Japan’s policy is likely to change again. This article is useful to me because it outlines the Japanese perspective from all angles and shows how those who support whaling view anti-whaling groups. Although ultimately I support the anti-whaling groups, this article is a very good outline of the opposing side.

Ackerman, Reuben B. "Japanese Whaling in the Pacific Ocean: Defiance of International Whaling Norms in the Name of Scientific Research, Culture, and Tradition."HeinOnline.org. Web. 31 Oct. 2011. <http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/bcic25>.

The author of this article takes the position against Japan’s whaling policy based on the policy’s violation of international and environmental laws and regulations. It also defines the United States’ position and how the country is pushing for reform of Japan’s policy. Not only does the author point out all of the violations in Japan’s policy, but it provides possible solutions for reforming it as well. The author believes that the International Whaling Committee has failed in its efforts to enforce any punishment for Japan’s violations and urges the United States to impose trade sanctions until Japan changes its practices. I will use this article to show how Japan has violated whaling regulations as well a resource to base my possible solutions off of. This article further explains the whaling controversy but from the side of anti-whalers. It can also be used to help definite the United States’ involvement in the controversy.

SWA 19

  1.)   Andriesen never takes a direct position on the issue of defining a sport. He concludes his article by saying that the ultimate point of a sport is so that people can have fun; however, he never definitively says what criteria a sport must meet. He does explore various criteria such as needing a ball, needing to be human-powered, competition, objective vs. subjective scoring, and physical effort involved.  Overall, I believe Andriesen’s point of exploring all of those criteria is to show that not every sport fits into a set of specific criteria.

             2.) The Olympics or other national/global competitions have a need for accepted criteria for what constitutes a sport. This is because they have a time limit and cannot feature every single competitive activity. By having accepted criteria, they are able to narrow down what sports they will include. 

SWA 18

The three issues I am interested in are the risk/benefits of antidepressants to treat depression in adolescents, whaling in Japan, and cloning. I am a psychology major and have always been interested in depression in adolescents so at first I thought that is what I was going to be writing my paper on for sure. While searching for articles, however, I found a lot of credible sources but found it hard to find any sources supporting the use of antidepressants. Most of what I found was articles about antidepressants and their suicidal effects on adolescents. While researching cloning, I decided that it was not going to be the topic for me. The journals and articles that I found related to cloning were extremely scientific and hard to understand. I realized that cloning is too broad a topic and if I want to research it further I would need to narrow it down to stem cells or some other subtopic. The topic I am beginning to lean towards is whaling in Japan. What first sparked my interest of this issue was the award-winning documentary “The Cove”. The documentary focused on the killing of dolphins in Japan and touched on the issue of whaling and Japan’s reluctance to comply with global regulations. Upon researching the topic, I found a balance of articles that explained the traditional and economic need for whaling in the eyes of Japan and articles condemning the practice as cruel and excessive. Overall, I am leaning towards whaling in Japan as a topic and I have found that Google Scholar is the most helpful search engine. 

Factory Food Artificially Cheap, Bad For Your Health

The author's claim is that although factory farming creates cheaper food, it is unsafe to consume and its production has a harmful effect on the environment. His reasons are that the animals are raised in unsanitary conditions where they are fed unnatural food containing feces and hormones. He describes the meat that comes from factory farms as being "practically toxic to the human body". Diseases are also spread to humans through factory farming because of these conditions that the animals live in. Factory farms produce so much waste that it is disposed into fields and the water, killing aquatic animals. The author argues that reverting back to the traditional ways of farming is the only way to ensure humans are eating quality food and the environment is protected. I found this argument convincing because the author had specific facts from reliable sources and even provided examples that related to his claim ( the salmonella example). I found this article interesting because the author did not touch on the reasons why factory farming is cruel to animals, he only focused on the health of humans. 

Factory Farming

 Scully begins by addressing that most conservatives dislike all animal-rights groups because they are liberal. He then begins to address reasons why conservatives should be against animal cruelty and how their conservative values relate to the need for laws against it. Scully compliments conservatives on their ability to make distinctions between “moderation and excess, freedom and license, moral goods and material goods, and rightful power and the abuse of power”. He also brings up the point that conservatives focus on our obligations as humans and Scully emphasizes that compassion towards animals is not only an obligation but a moral duty by religious standards as well. Animal rights activists anger conservatives by talking about the “rights of animals”; rights that conservatives believe only belong to human beings. Scully quotes a conservative commentator who sums this view up by saying “we have a moral duty to respect the animal world as God’s handiwork, treating animals with the mercy of our Maker’…but mercy and respect for animals are completely different from rights for animals and we should never confuse the two”. Scully believes that conservatives should take the same approach to animal cruelty that they do to abortion. The bible says that animals are our companions in creation and conservatives should speak up for animals that have no voices just as they do for fetuses on the issue of abortion. Conservatives revere tradition and therefore should recognize that factory farming of animals “has no tradition, no rules, no codes of honor”, nothing they value. Conservatives are also concerned with money and taxes so Scully points out that it costs taxpayers billions of dollars to clean up the damage to land, water, and air that factory farms cause. He describes factory farming as a “predatory enterprise, absorbing profit and externalizing costs”. Finally, Scully attempts to reason with conservatives by addressing their belief that humans are above animals. He says that “if reason and morality are what set human beings apart from animals, then reason and morality must always guide us in how we treat them” and explains that by not doing so humans are degrading themselves. Conservatives should act on animal cruelty because it is their obligation as humans, for religious reasons, because of their traditional values, for economic reasons, and to prevent the degradation of human beings.

Visual Analysis Outline

Title: The Modern Marlboro Man

Intro/Thesis: Advertisers know that it is human nature for people to be concerned with their image. People are more likely to buy a product if it helps them attain the image they want and therefore ads are focused around that. The infamous “Marlboro Man” portrayed the image that smoking Marlboros make men seem tough, rustic, and attractive. That image was so powerful in the tobacco industry that it is still used today, although it has changed to target women. The new blu electronic cigarette ads portray the image that women who smoke them are stylish, sexy, and modern. Advertisers use colors, slogans/text, and specific images to achieve the specific image desired by the consumer. These strategies are what make the Marlboro and blu cigarette ads different and makes it clear that they are targeting two very different types of consumers.

I.                   Use of color is the most common and obvious way advertisers target their ads toward a specific audience, especially when targeting different genders.

A.    In the Marlboro cigarette ad red is the predominant color

1.      Red discreetly references the Marlboro red package, the consumer thinks of the package when they see red

2.      Red is a manly, rustic, cowboy color that makes a man wearing it appear tough and handsome

3.      Red stands out against the blurred, dull colored background

B.     The light blue color in the ad appears on the woman, on the package, and even on some of the lettering

1.      The blue dress that the beautiful woman is wearing is very elegant and sleek

2.      The brand name is “blu” which makes the color blue come to mind

3.      The tip of the cigarette lights up blue and is a small accent to the rest of the ad

4.      The woman’s makeup is accented blue

5.      The blue catches the consumer’s eye and leads him/her around the page

II.                Slogans are used as a way to help the consumer subconsciously remember the product

A.    “Come to where the flavor is, come to Marlboro country” is used in almost every old Marlboro ad, familiar to consumers

1.      Placed at the very top of the ad in white letters that stand out

2.       The smaller slogan “you got a lot to like” when describing the different Marlboro kinds is short and easily remembered

3.      Very little text on the ad makes the few words that are featured stand out

B.     The most prominent slogan is the “smoke in style” in large black lettering at the top of the page

1.      This slogan creates an immediate link between style and blu cigarettes in the consumers mind

2.      It is short and catchy

3.      Underneath in blue, smaller lettering the slogan is finished by “with blu electronic cigarettes” stating that these cigarettes are stylish

4.      The text directly below the slogan describes blu cigarettes as an accessory. The words “fashion” and “accessory” are used and the small paragraph is concluded with another slogan “step out in style with blu”.

5.      The paragraph also describes how blu cigarettes are a smarter alternative to regular cigarettes because advertisers know that not all women are convinced by simply an image. This also appeals to women who are considering quitting altogether but haven’t made the decision yet.

C.     The text throughout the ad plays a large role in marketing the new blu cigarettes.

1.      Facebook is one of the main tools used for communication today. Most young adult females are on Facebook and frequently visit the website. By putting a link to Facebook where there is a contest to win a free starter kit, blu is showing that they are modern and connecting with their consumer on a more personal level.

2.      Blu cigarettes are also marketed by the inclusion of their website, which retailers they can be found at, and the title of “world’s first smart pack” that can be found online.

3.      The text that is least noticeable and almost seems like it is not part of the ad is the 18+ only and the warning label. It is placed at the bottom so that the consumer’s eyes fall on it last or not at all.

III.             Images are remembered by consumers better than text

A.    The cowboy is sitting in the foreground of the picture in the middle

1.      The cowboy is sitting around a fire that he made out in the country (“Marlboro country”)

2.      The scene is simple and gives the impression that the cowboy is independent, tough, and does not need anything else, no other products, just a cigarette

3.      Men see the ad and associate Marlboros with masculinity over any other brand and therefore do not want to smoke any other brand because they don’t want to seem less manly

B.     The attractive woman and the package of blu cigarettes are the largest parts of the ad and the only images

1.      The woman’s body is draped elegantly over the chair and she is holding an electronic cigarette in her hand. This links the image of elegance to blu cigarettes in the consumer’s mind.

2.      The background is completely bare, bringing attention to the images and giving them a 3D effect on the page

3.      Women who see the ad want to appear beautiful, sleek, and trendy like the woman featured

Conclusion Sentence: The tobacco industry’s advertisers are some of the best when it comes to creating ads that specifically target their consumers. The industry’s main focus is to lead consumers away from the issue of health and focus them on image instead.  The Marlboro ad created the image of what a man who smokes Marlboros looks like and even what personality attributes he would possess all through the use of color, text, and  images. The blu electronic cigarette ad used similar techniques to create the image of an elegant, smart, fashion-forward woman that would only smoke these new cigarettes.

http://www.adclassix.com/a3/70marlboro.htm

Topic Worksheet

I am analyzing two cigarette advertisements, one for blu electronic cigarettes and the other being for Marlboros. The blu electronic cigarette ad came from the tabloid magazine OK! And the Marlboro ad was an older advertisement I found online that featured the infamous Marlboro Man. The Marlboro Man advertisement I found came from a print ad and it is the main reason that men smoke Marlboro cigarettes more than any other brand. The audience of OK! Magazine is predominantly females because it focuses on celebrities and fashion. The audience is also of a younger demographic because many of the ads and advice is geared towards young female adults. The Marlboro ad features a tough cowboy and therefore appeals more to an older male audience.

blu Electronic Cigarette Ad:

 -“smoke in style” logo

-blue accents on the woman’s dress, earrings,eyeshadow

-contest to win a free starter kit on Facebook

-“world’s first smart pack”

-beautiful woman dressed elegantly smoking

-18+ only

-simple layout, no colored background

-California proposition warning in small font at the very bottom

-website and retailers that supply blu cigarettes shown

-blue font to accent the blue on the package

-says blu cigarettes give you freedom

-categorizes blu cigarettes as “the ultimate accessory”

-words that come to mind are “smart” and “stylish”

http://home.honolulu.hawaii.edu/~pine/Book2/marlboro-ads.html

Marlboro Ad:

 -cowboy holding the reins while lighting up a Marlboro cigarette

-the background is blurred so the man stands out

-the man looks tough and rustic

-shirt matches the Marlboro pack

-surgeon general warning featured

-logo is large and bold in the middle of the ad

I chose the blu electronic cigarette ad because it stuck out to me while I was reading the OK! Magazine. The pretty blue color caught my eyesight and electronic cigarettes are such a new product I was interested to learn more about them. I chose the Marlboro ad because it is a classic cigarette ad that targets males. There is a striking contrast between the feminine colors and woman in the blu cigarettes ad and the masculine cowboy in the Marlboro ad. The blu ad contains a lot more text describing the cigarettes whereas the Marlboro ad only has the logo and lets the picture speak for the product. Both ads show the featured person smoking the product. The Marlboro ad is grounded in the stereotype that males want to appear tough and rugged and therefore it features a handsome male that has those qualities. The blu ad is grounded in the stereotype that females want to appear feminine and elegant and therefore blu cigarettes were created as a fashionable accessory to help women attain that desired image.

Advertisements

http://fc03.deviantart.net/fs24/f/2007/326/6/5/Palm_Centro_Magazine_Ad_by_koreansensation.jpg
Magazine Ad found online
Target Audience: Working adults that are busy multitaskers
Product: Centro2 Palm
The target consumer has the values of organization, efficiency, and productivity
The target consumer wants a place to hold all of their information, tasks, numbers, and everything they need to accomplish things. They want to be able to organize all of that information in one reliable device.
The consumer should buy the new Centro2 Palm because it meets the need of organization. In one small device, the consumer can hold numbers, tasks, lists, names, everything the consumer needs.

http://wanphing.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/diet_pepsi_skinny_can_ad.jpg

Facebook.com/DietPepsi

Target Audience: Health-concious young women

Product: Diet Pepsi in a new skinny can

The target consumer values health and appearance

The target consumer wants to be thin and beautiful. They want to be able to enjoy a soda without gaining weight. The consumer wants to look like the woman in the ad who is fashionable and beautiful.

The consumer should buy the new skinny can diet pepsi so that they do not gain weight and so that they feel beautiful and current. Drinking the new skinny can diet pepsi keeps you trendy and keeps you healthy.

http://www.salonpas.us/wp-content/uploads/Woman-with-kids.jpg

Magazine ad found online

Target Audience: Parents, specifically mothers, who are experiencing physical pain.

Product: SalonPas pain relief patches

The target consumer values family and being active.

The target consumer wants to live an active lifestyle without being in pain. They want to spend time with their children and not let their pain affect their lives and what they can physically do.

The consumer should buy SalonPas patches so that they can spend quality bonding time with their children without being in pain. SalonPas patches will help the consumer be an active, good parent by relieving pain for 12 hours.

My PostSecret Card

The secret on my card was a confession from Angelina Jolie confessing that she continues to adopt children from other countries simply because it increases her fame and media attention. I conveyed this secret explicitly by stating it in words over the images. I used an image of a "celebrity star" in hollywood to represent the concept of fame that Angelina Jolie tries to gain through her adoptions. I also used an image of babies of all different races to represent both the quanitity of children Angelina Jolie has adopted, as well as the different places they came from. I let the images speak for themselves by leaving them large and taking up the entire postcard. I did not want my text to distract from the message that the images gave so I left the font small, simple, and a color that blended with the images behind it. I wanted to portray Angelina Jolie as ashamed but with no intention of changing her actions. She was coming clean about her motives for adopting but planned on continuing it. I wanted the viewer to feel shocked about the secret because often Angelina Jolie is portrayed in the media as a saint for adopting so many children from poor places of the world. The viewer should lose respect for her because of her motives.

Menzel Photos

The photos show families and their food supply all around the world. In places like China, Japan, and rural places the food is fresh and healthy. Though those rural places may not have as much food as the U.S. does, the food they have is of better quality. Places like refugee camps, however, have an extremely scarce supply of food. The picture showing the family from North Carolina exemplifies how in the U.S. we have an abundance of food but choose to eat unhealthy. The U.S. family was shown with pizza, chips, fast food, soda, and other processed items. Other places around the world eat the food they have available where as in the U.S. we let food go to waste.

The Pleasures of Eating

1.)    In order to produce your own food, you can grow small vegetables and herbs using your windowsill. In a small pot you can plant small tomatoes, lettuce, and peppers or herbs like basil and rosemary. These small crops can help flavor the food you have already bought.

2.)    Each dorm has a kitchen, usually one on each floor. Students can have the kitchen unlocked and use it to prepare their own meals. Simply find someone with a car and drive to the store and stock up on basic ingredients you can use to prepare a variety of meals. Spending the time it would take you to walk to a dining hall to make your own meal insures that the food you are eating is quality and you know what it is made out of. It is a simple way to eat healthier in college.

3.)    The internet is a great tool to research where your food comes from. Researching the food company that supplies your college dining halls is useful so that you can make smart decisions about what you choose to eat there. You can also research your local grocery stores to find the one that buys food that comes from the closest locations.

4.)    College students do not have the ability to travel to a local farm and speak to a local farmer. In Columbia, however, there are a few farmers markets that sell fresh products. Buying from a farmers market is both informative and healthy. Students can learn where the fresh products are grown and buy food to prepare in their own residence halls.

Steps 5-7.) The best way for college students to learn about industrial food production, farming/gardening, and the life histories of the food species, is by using the library, internet, and workers at the farmers markets as resources. Researching what you eat and how it is produced is a great way to lead a healthy lifestyle. There are plenty of books at the library that you can check out in your spare time that will greatly benefit you.

The Cooking Ape

Wrangham makes several casual links to the relationship between mastering fire and using it to cook and what made humans who we are. He first talks about the physical changes mastering fire and learning to cook had on the human body. Cooking food makes it more digestible and therefore we are able to take in more calories. The more calories we take in, the more energy humans have. The greater amount of energy that came from cooking food resulted in humans having bigger bodies and the development of a large proportion of organs. Cooking food also softens food, which enables humans to have smaller teeth and smaller jaws, as well as smaller guts. Mastering fire translates into cooking by looking at the cognitive development of humans. Once our ancestors were able to control fire they were able to experiment and play with it, which would have led them to try mixing fire and food.

            Wrangham also makes links to how cooking affected the social structure of humans. Cooking forces a species to keep food for a period of time, creating ownership. Whenever there is ownership of something, competition is created. The ownership of food through cooking created the competition for food we have today. Cooking food also allows humans to have big families in which the children are dependent. Unlike apes that wean their infants at about 3 to 5 years old, humans have children that are dependent till at least 12 years old. This dependence on cooked food is what strengthens the parent/child role. Feeding infants cooked mush allows them to abandon nursing early and gives the mother more energy. This increase in energy is what led mothers to be able to reproduce in quicker intervals and created bigger families. Finally, Wrangham mentions that due to the great amount of energy we acquire from cooking food humans have better immune systems and therefore have a lower mortality rate.

First Draft Concerns

-Did I cite the article I was analyzing enough? Should I use other sources?
-Is my summary of the article done well?
-Is my conclusion strong enough?

Point #1

  After the audience has come to know and support Dowry and his participation as a witness, Kahn makes the strategic decision to close the argument with the tragic death of Dowry. Kahn describes the scene in ways that specifically target pathos. He mentions that it is Thanksgiving and that Dowry is with his family which causes the reader to think about their family and the emotions that they feel on that holiday. Thanksgiving is usually thought of with positive feelings which are why when Dowry is killed the reader feels sorrow and it leaves a lasting impression of anger towards the lack of protection witnesses have. The way Kahn relates his closing back to the beginning brings his entire argument full circle and after knowing more about the justice system and witness protection system the audience looks at Dowry’s story with a new perspective and stronger feelings.

Outline

Title: A Culture of Silence

Thesis: Kahn structures his argument around the life of John Dowry, taking us on a journey through Dowry’s experiences as well as his own evidence and reasoning. This structure is effective because it creates a beginning and end that strongly appeals to pathos and breaks up the facts and evidence so that the reader is not overwhelmed. It allows Kahn’s claim to emerge subtlety and gives the impression that it was well thought-out and fair. Kahn also presents a solution to the problem and that gives his argument closure.

I.                   Using the story of John Dowry implements very strong pathos into the argument.

A.    Starting off his writing with Dowry getting shot is a powerful way to make a statement. Kahn was bringing his readers right into the heart of the problem and enticing them to want to know why this happened.

1.      Giving background on Dowry and explaining how he changed as a person makes the reader feel like they know him personally and forms a connection. The reader then feels happy for Dowry when he succeeds and shocked/saddened when he is shot.

2.      Before giving the reader any background, he says “in the eyes of many people in the blocks around Bartlett, John Dowry had gotten what was coming for him” which gives the audience an eerie feeling.

B.     After the audience has come to know and support Dowry and his participation as a witness, Kahn makes the strategic decision to close the argument with the tragic death of Dowry.

1.      Kahn describes the scene in ways that specifically target pathos. He mentions that it is Thanksgiving and that Dowry is with his family which causes the reader to think about their family and the emotions that they feel on that holiday. Thanksgiving is usually thought of with positive feelings which are why when Dowry is killed the reader feels sorrow and it leaves a lasting impression of anger towards the lack of protection witnesses have.

2.      The way Kahn relates his closing back to the beginning brings his entire argument full circle and after knowing more about the justice system and witness protection system the audience looks at Dowry’s story with a new perspective and stronger feelings.

II.                Kahn provides his evidence and reasoning in a variety of ways which enhances his ethos and logos

A.    He provides facts from prosecutors and policemen

1.       Facts about crime and murder rates

2.      Gives their opinions on why witnesses won’t come forward and how it affects the judicial process

B.     Kahn shares similar murder cases to Dowry’s

1.      Shows that this problem with witnesses is much too common

2.      Helps explain why so many witnesses do not come forward

C.     Shares stories and opinions from average citizens

1.      Shows how culture has evolved over time

2.      Gives the reader a sense of how afraid people really are

III.             Kahn’s presentation of a solution strengthens his argument

A.    He comments on how new laws have not worked in the past

1.      Talks about the new law that says witness intimidation is punishable by at least 5 years in prison and allows prior statements to be used even if the witness is not present

2.      Mentions that the new law excludes child-abuse and domestic-violence cases which are big problems

3.      Gives the opinions of Jessamy that matches his own

B.     Putting more money into the witness protection programs will not work either

1.      “might chip away at the edges of the problem” meaning they make a very small impact and something else needs to be done

2.      Kahn presents his solution that culture needs to change for anything else to work. He says that inner-city neighborhoods need to come together and make a change so that their loved ones will stop dying. Society needs to see that intimidation of witnesses is morally wrong and that killing “snitchers” is nothing to be proud of.

3.      Kahn’s solution is powerful because it puts a lot of responsibility on society and has us blame ourselves rather than institutions or the judicial process.

IV.             Conclusion: Kahn does not specify ways to get society to change

1.      He leaves it up to the reader, gets his audience thinking

2.      Does a great job connecting with the reader on an emotional and intellectual level

3.      Appeals to both people who live in cities like Baltimore that have experienced these things, as well as people who had never known this happened before.

4.      Kahn informs his readers while swaying them to his side